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EE&C Measures
6. Rotating machines and other equipment
    (No cost)
      - Maintain machines and equipment
      - Control No. of operating machines (if too big capacity)
      - Control rotating speed of turbines
    (Low cost)
      - Cut impeller of pump
      - Install variable speed device for motor
    (High investment)
      - Install Power Recovery Turbine at HDS unit
EE&C Measures
7. Process, instrumentation and management system
    (No cost)
      - Rationalize business planning (ex. production planning)
      - Streamline manufacturing process
    (Low cost)
      - Introduce Advanced process control
      - Integrate various process units, or rationalize manufacturing process - Introduce computer system for management purpose
      (ex. Optimum management of utility facilities - See Case Studies)
    (High investment)
      - Change process to new one
EE&C Measures
8. Material loss prevention and others
    (No cost)
      - Minimize loss from flare stack
      - Minimize loss at loading/unloading operation
    (Low cost)
      - Install management system for the above
      - Employ hydrogen cascading in a series of HDS units
      - Recover hydrogen from bleed gas in HDS unit
      - Rationalize refinery off gas and hydrogen gas systems
IV. Case Studies
    1. Optimum Management of utility facilities*
    2. Drastic Modification of ARHDS unit
    3. Minimizing spill-back flow of big compressor
    4. Utilization of catalytic reformer hydrogen
    5. Heat integration among different process units
    6. Prevention of inner coking of fired heater tubes
    Remarks: Item No.1 is shown here with some details
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